Lo Último

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OPINIÓN

Desarrollo socio-económico y las ciencias sociales. Una reflexión

El docente e investigador, director del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales de la UNER, analiza y rebate los argumentos que se plantean en desmedro de la inversión pública en las ciencias sociales y las humanidades. El origen de estas disciplinas, los ejemplos de Canadá y Corea del Sur, la comparación con Argentina.

Por Leandro Rodríguez*

La lucha por las ciencias sociales fue también
una lucha por el poder en la sociedad
Theodore M. Porter

En la Argentina actual todo parece estar en discusión. Se debate lo obvio (o que se creía obvio hasta hace poco). No es un fenómeno nuevo en la historia nacional. Las recurrentes crisis y los vaivenes económicos suelen estimular el espíritu refundacional en cada aventura política diferente.

En ese escenario, uno de los tantos temas puestos en la palestra es la productividad de la inversión pública en investigación y desarrollo científico (I+D), particularmente de las llamadas “ciencias sociales y humanidades” (CSyH) (vale decir, si se justifica invertir en estos rubros en función de su utilidad). Pues bien, ante semejante cuestión, como parte del complejo de las ciencias sociales y humanidades, me veo en la obligación de exponer, aunque sea en unas breves notas, ciertos datos y argumentos básicos que pueden ser relevantes para quién desee reflexionar y ahondar en la cuestión.

Empecemos, a los efectos contextuales, con alguna información comparativa de dos países muy disímiles que nos pueden servir de referencia: Canadá y Corea del Sur (véase las fuentes al final de la nota). El primer caso, Canadá, como se sabe, conforma una nación rica, con alta dotación de recursos naturales, entre las top 20 del índice de Desarrollo Humano global, cuyo ingreso por habitante es 2,2 veces mayor al de Argentina (en moneda comparable -paridad de poder adquisitivo-, promedio 2018-2021). Pues bien, este país norteamericano, de acuerdo a los últimos datos disponibles, invierte 93 dólares por habitante/año en Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) en ciencias sociales y humanidades (siempre en paridad de poder adquisitivo, datos promedio 2018-2021). Ello implica una inversión casi 3,6 veces superior a la de argentina en el mismo rubro en igual lapso. Es decir, aún en proporción a su nivel de ingreso, Canadá invierte en ciencias sociales y humanidades (I+D) muy por encima que la Argentina.

Algo similar sucede con el segundo caso, Corea del Sur. Se trata de un país industrial, especializado en productos intensivos en tecnología (circuitos integrados, maquinarias, automóviles, entre otros). El ingreso por habitante de Corea del Sur es 1,8 veces el de la Argentina. Este país asiático invierte en I+D en ciencias sociales y humanidades unos 75 dólares habitante/año. Esto es 2,9 veces por encima de lo que invierte Argentina en esas ramas de la ciencia. Nuevamente, ajustado por el nivel de ingreso, Corea del Sur invierte mucho más que la Argentina en CSyH.

Estos dos ejemplos seleccionados -hay otros aún más contundentes-, nos permiten replantear la pregunta sobre la productividad de las CSyH. En efecto, podemos cuestionarnos: ¿Por qué estos países ricos invierten en ciencias sociales y humanidades? Ni Canadá ni Corea del Sur son estados que deseen desperdiciar los recursos. Ambos, con sus propias características, se consideran “exitosos” en el concierto de las naciones. Sin embargo, en proporción a su ingreso, invierten mucho más de lo que lo hace Argentina en CSyH. ¿Por qué?

La respuesta a esta pregunta es bastante más simple de lo que parece. Los países ricos invierten en ciencias sociales y humanidades porque éstas son necesarias y útiles al proceso de desarrollo en sentido amplio. Cumplen una función insustituible. ¿Cuál es esa función?

Para entender ello hay que conocer el origen de las disciplinas y subdisciplinas que conforman las CSyH en tanto tales. En términos institucionales (como campos de saber específicos, programas de estudio y parte de universidades e institutos), el tronco central de las CSyH fue una creación del capitalismo occidental y el sistema interestatal a partir del siglo XIX. El régimen de El Capital transformó las antiguas comunidades rurales, agrarias, dispersas, relativamente estáticas y de escasa diversificación en sociedades dinámicas, multitudinarias, urbanas, diversas e híper-especializadas. Era necesario entonces disponer de conocimientos para comprender, ordenar y gestionar estos fenómenos sociales emergentes: la estructuración del complejo de disciplinas y subdisciplinas que conforman la trama de las CSyH está ligado, en parte, a este rol.

Las sociedades modernas requerían respuestas que reclamaban nuevos conocimientos: ¿Cómo educar -a las masas-, comunicar, mediar los inevitables conflictos de poder -o de clases-, gestionar las organizaciones y los grupos, administrar la economía y las empresas, fortalecer la cohesión social, consolidar la identidad histórica, comprender los objetos culturales propios de cada pueblo, y un largo etcétera, …?

Vale decir, entonces, las disciplinas/subdisciplinas que conforman las ciencias sociales y humanas surgieron asociadas a necesidades específicas y aportaron (y aportan) conocimiento valioso y útil para facilitar y mejorar la vida en sociedad. Naturalmente, ello no significa que las CSyH puedan resolver o encauzar todos los problemas. Tal cosa sería un absurdo. Las CSyH estudian un objeto “rebelde”, que se resiste a ser encorsetado y cristalizado: se trata de la conducta de seres libres, conscientes y creativos, que disponen de la potencia del cambio. Por tanto, el conocimiento y las estrategias de intervención son siempre provisionales. La sociedad es una totalidad en movimiento, que aprende, se transforma e imagina nuevos horizontes. De allí también la importancia de la actualización constante en términos conceptuales, epistemológicos y metodológicos de las CSyH.

Pero además de ello, en términos quizás de mayor profundidad, las CSyH contribuyen a conformar los imaginarios colectivos (horizontes de pensamiento), tensionar los límites de lo posible y fomentar la crítica de aquello que ha sido instituido (de allí que suelen ser incómodas para el poder, al menos en algunas expresiones).

Considerando entonces la utilidad y el rol sustantivo de las ciencias sociales y humanidades (CSyH), y dado que en general constituyen un bien público (gran parte del conocimiento que generan no puede ser fraccionado ni vendido para consumo exclusivo – bien no rival y no excluible), le cabe al Estado la responsabilidad de garantizar la continuidad y fortalecimiento de estas disciplinas y subdisciplinas. Ello sin perjuicio de que existen múltiples arreglos institucionales sobre el modo en que tal responsabilidad puede concretarse en cada país.

Finalmente, es obvio que el financiamiento y la apuesta al desarrollo de las CSyH debe guardar un equilibrio, y se necesita racionalidad y eficiencia en su implementación. Ello como todos los grandes esfuerzos de la sociedad. También es importante examinar los resultados e impactos que producen estas actividades y su rol efectivo en cada caso. No obstante, salvando estos aspectos, parece claro que en Argentina la inversión en CSyH es baja y necesita ampliarse sustantivamente. ¡Más considerando que tenemos cientistas sociales de alto nivel y relativamente baratos!

Fuentes de los datos: elaboración propia en base a: OECD – Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and field of R&D; World Bank y Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI) y UNESCO (2023). Los datos refieren al promedio 2018-2021 (conforme la última información disponible).

* Rodríguez es docente e investigador, director del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales de la UNER.

Fuente: Página Política
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